Taljanovic MS, et al. (2020). ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Acute Trauma to the Knee. Journal of the American College of Radiology, 17(5S), S12–S25. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32370956/
Fransen M, et al. (2015). Exercise for osteoarthritis of the knee. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 1, CD004376. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25569281/
Kolasinski SL, et al. (2020). 2019 American College of Rheumatology/Arthritis Foundation Guideline for the Management of Osteoarthritis of the Hand, Hip, and Knee. Arthritis Care & Research, 72(2), 149–162. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31908149/
Bannuru RR, et al. (2019). OARSI guidelines for the non-surgical management of knee, hip, and polyarticular osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, 27(11), 1578–1589. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31278997/
急性或外傷後肩膀痛要不要照 MRI,需先看理學檢查懷疑的結構與前一階段影像結果。初步影像通常是 X 光;若 X 光無法解釋症狀,醫師再依懷疑病灶考慮超音波或 MRI。[3]
檢查沒有「越高階越好」這件事。若症狀和理學檢查很符合五十肩,未必一開始就需要 MRI。美國放射學會的適用性準則建議,急性肩痛先做 X 光;若 X 光正常或無法判讀,理學檢查又懷疑旋轉肌撕裂,超音波或無顯影劑 MRI 都可能是後續選項。懷疑關節唇或隱性骨折時,合適檢查又不同,由醫師依前一階段結果安排。[3]
Farooqi AS, et al. (2021). Diagnostic Accuracy of Ultrasonography for Rotator Cuff Tears: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine, 9(10), 23259671211035106. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34660823/
Laur O, et al. (2025). ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Acute Shoulder Pain: 2024 Update. Journal of the American College of Radiology, 22(5S), S36–S47. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40409888/