Jo J, Lee SH. (2018). Heat therapy for primary dysmenorrhea: A systematic review and meta-analysis of its effects on pain relief and quality of life. Scientific Reports, 8, 16252. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30389956/
Moshfeghinia R, et al. (2024). Ginger for Pain Management in Primary Dysmenorrhea: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Integrative and Complementary Medicine, 30(11). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38770631/
咖啡因會讓血管收縮、也可能干擾睡眠品質,這兩件事剛好都跟經前症候群(PMS)常見的腫脹、失眠、情緒起伏沾得上邊,所以「經期少喝咖啡因」長期以來被當成一種常識性建議。但把研究攤開來看,答案沒有想像中一致。一項針對護理師健康研究(Nurses’ Health Study II)超過三千六百人的前瞻性研究發現,咖啡因攝取量與 PMS 的發生並沒有明顯關聯,研究者甚至指出,要求女性減少咖啡因來預防 PMS,證據其實並不充分(註1)。另一方面,也有研究觀察到偏高攝取量(例如一天八到十杯咖啡因飲品)與症狀嚴重度之間存在劑量相關的趨勢。
Purdue-Smithe AC, Manson JE, Hankinson SE, Bertone-Johnson ER. (2016). A prospective study of caffeine and coffee intake and premenstrual syndrome. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 104(2), 499-507. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27385613/
Peacock A, et al. (2018). Adherence to the Caffeine Intake Guideline during Pregnancy and Birth Outcomes: A Prospective Cohort Study. Nutrients, 10(3), 319. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5872737/
Román-Gálvez MR, et al. (2022). Caffeine Intake throughout Pregnancy, and Factors Associated with Non-Compliance with Recommendations: A Cohort Study. Nutrients. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9785327/
Yumol JL, McAlpine MD, Ward WE. (2023). Maternal Exposure to Red Rooibos Does Not Alter Bone Development in Male or Female Sprague-Dawley Rat Offspring. Current Developments in Nutrition. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10147958/
Gizzo S, et al. (2015). An Update on Maternal Hydration Strategies for Amniotic Fluid Improvement in Isolated Oligohydramnios and Normohydramnios: Evidence from a Systematic Review of Literature and Meta-Analysis. PLoS One. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4684238/