Kuriya K, Goto S, Kobayashi E, Nishio M, Nakamura M, Umekawa H. (2023). Cholesterol-lowering activity of adzuki bean (Vigna angularis) polyphenols. Molecular Biology Reports, 50(7), 5575-5584. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37160631/
Tai L, Huang S, Zhao Z, Huang G. (2021). Chemical composition analysis and antioxidant activity of black rice pigment. Chemical Biology & Drug Design. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33179435/
Wang M, Yang T, Xiang Y, Pang J, Wang Y, Sun D. (2025). Coix Seed Extract Attenuates Glycolipid Metabolism Disorder in Hyperlipidemia Mice Through PPAR Signaling Pathway Based on Metabolomics and Network Pharmacology. Foods, 14(5), 770. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11899454/
Wu M, Liu L, Xing Y, Yang S, Li H, Cao Y. (2020). Roles and Mechanisms of Hawthorn and Its Extracts on Atherosclerosis: A Review. Frontiers in Pharmacology. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32153414/
Vilas-Boas AA, Correia M, Campos DA, Pintado M. (2026). Upcycled Orange Peel Ingredients for Gastrointestinal and Cardiometabolic Health: A Scoping Review and Market Perspectives. Nutrients. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41978175/
Zhang B, Yue R, Wang Y, et al. (2020). Effect of Hibiscus sabdariffa (Roselle) supplementation in regulating blood lipids among patients with metabolic syndrome and related disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Phytotherapy Research. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31833112/
腎臟原本負責調節鈉與水分的排出量,是維持體液平衡的關鍵器官。當短期內攝取的鈉量遠高於平常,腎臟需要時間才能把多餘的鈉排出,這段時間差,就是「今天吃鹹、明天腫」的生理基礎。美國家庭醫學會(AAFP)在一篇關於水腫治療的臨床回顧中指出,水腫的本質是微血管與組織間隙之間的過濾系統失衡,而鈉與水分滯留正是最常見的驅動因素之一(O’Brien et al., 2005)。
一篇2022年發表於《Frontiers in Physiology》的研究,讓受試者在32天的住院觀察中,經歷慢性睡眠限制與輪班式的作息錯位。結果發現,當睡眠時段與生理時鐘持續錯開,身體排出的總鈉量會逐漸下降,但醛固酮的分泌量並沒有跟著上升,顯示這種鈉滯留的機轉,比較可能來自腎臟對訊號的反應改變,而不是單純荷爾蒙分泌變多(McMullan et al., 2022)。
這種因為姿勢與活動量造成的水腫,在臨床上與靜脈回流不良、慢性靜脈功能不全有部分重疊,AAFP的臨床回顧也將姿勢性因素,列為評估水腫時需要考慮的常見類別之一(O’Brien et al., 2005)。多數人日常的傍晚腳腫,程度較輕、隔天起床會消退,屬於姿勢性居多,但如果腫脹持續加重或單側明顯,就需要進一步留意,這部分會在下一段說明。
McMullan CJ, McHill AW, et al. (2022). Sleep Restriction and Recurrent Circadian Disruption Differentially Affects Blood Pressure, Sodium Retention, and Aldosterone Secretion. Frontiers in Physiology. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9305384/
Jiménez-Ferrer E, Alarcón-Alonso J, Aguilar-Rojas A, Zamilpa A, Jiménez-Ferrer CI, Tortoriello J, Herrera-Ruiz M. (2012). Diuretic effect of compounds from Hibiscus sabdariffa by modulation of the aldosterone activity. Planta Medica, 78(18), 1893-1898. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23150077/
Nurfaradilla SA, Saputri F, Harahap Y. (2020). Pharmacokinetic Herb-Drug Interaction between Hibiscus sabdariffa Calyces Aqueous Extract and Captopril in Rats. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7317316/